Fill It Game Without Java
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1. Introduction
In this tutorial, we'll see several methods that we can use to download a file.
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We'll cover examples ranging from the basic usage of Java IO to the NIO package, and some common libraries like Async Http Client and Apache Commons IO.
Finally, we'll talk about how we can resume a download if our connection fails before the whole file is read.
2. Using Java IO
The most basic API we can use to download a file is Java IO. We can use the URL class to open a connection to the file we want to download. To effectively read the file, we'll use the openStream() method to obtain an InputStream:
When reading from an InputStream, it's recommended to wrap it in a BufferedInputStream to increase the performance.
The performance increase comes from buffering. When reading one byte at a time using the read() method, each method call implies a system call to the underlying file system. When the JVM invokes the read() system call, the program execution context switches from user mode to kernel mode and back.
This context switch is expensive from a performance perspective. When we read a large number of bytes, the application performance will be poor, due to a large number of context switches involved.
For writing the bytes read from the URL to our local file, we'll use the write() method from the FileOutputStream class:
When using a BufferedInputStream, the read() method will read as many bytes as we set for the buffer size. In our example, we're already doing this by reading blocks of 1024 bytes at a time, so BufferedInputStream isn't necessary.
The example above is very verbose, but luckily, as of Java 7, we have the Files class which contains helper methods for handling IO operations. We can use the Files.copy() method to read all the bytes from an InputStream and copy them to a local file:
Our code works well but can be improved. Its main drawback is the fact that the bytes are buffered into memory.
Fortunately, Java offers us the NIO package that has methods to transfer bytes directly between 2 Channels without buffering.
We'll go into details in the next section.
3. Using NIO
The Java NIO package offers the possibility to transfer bytes between 2 Channels without buffering them into the application memory.
To read the file from our URL, we'll create a new ReadableByteChannel from the URL stream:
The bytes read from the ReadableByteChannel will be transferred to a FileChannel corresponding to the file that will be downloaded:
We'll use the transferFrom() method from the ReadableByteChannel class to download the bytes from the given URL to our FileChannel:
The transferTo() and transferFrom() methods are more efficient than simply reading from a stream using a buffer. Depending on the underlying operating system, the data can be transferred directly from the filesystem cache to our file without copying any bytes into the application memory.
On Linux and UNIX systems, these methods use the zero-copy technique that reduces the number of context switches between the kernel mode and user mode.
4. Using Libraries
We've seen in the examples above how we can download content from a URL just by using the Java core functionality. We also can leverage the functionality of existing libraries to ease our work, when performance tweaks aren't needed.
For example, in a real-world scenario, we'd need our download code to be asynchronous.
We could wrap all the logic into a Callable, or we could use an existing library for this.
4.1. Async HTTP Client
AsyncHttpClient is a popular library for executing asynchronous HTTP requests using the Netty framework. We can use it to execute a GET request to the file URL and get the file content.
First, we need to create an HTTP client:
The downloaded content will be placed into a FileOutputStream:
Next, we create an HTTP GET request and register an AsyncCompletionHandler handler to process the downloaded content:
Notice that we've overridden the onBodyPartReceived() method. The default implementation accumulates the HTTP chunks received into an ArrayList. This could lead to high memory consumption, or an OutOfMemory exception when trying to download a large file.
Instead of accumulating each HttpResponseBodyPart into memory, we use a FileChannel to write the bytes to our local file directly. We'll use the getBodyByteBuffer() method to access the body part content through a ByteBuffer.
ByteBuffers have the advantage that the memory is allocated outside of the JVM heap, so it doesn't affect out applications memory.
4.2. Apache Commons IO
Another highly used library for IO operation is Apache Commons IO. We can see from the Javadoc that there's a utility class named FileUtils that is used for general file manipulation tasks.
To download a file from a URL, we can use this one-liner:
From a performance standpoint, this code is the same as the one we've exemplified in section 2.
The underlying code uses the same concepts of reading in a loop some bytes from an InputStream and writing them to an OutputStream.
One difference is the fact that here the URLConnection class is used to control the connection timeouts so that the download doesn't block for a large amount of time:
5. Resumable Download
Considering internet connections fail from time to time, it's useful for us to be able to resume a download, instead of downloading the file again from byte zero.
Let's rewrite the first example from earlier, to add this functionality.
The first thing we should know is that we can read the size of a file from a given URL without actually downloading it by using the HTTP HEAD method:
Now that we have the total content size of the file, we can check whether our file is partially downloaded. If so, we'll resume the download from the last byte recorded on disk:
What happens here is that we've configured the URLConnection to request the file bytes in a specific range. The range will start from the last downloaded byte and will end at the byte corresponding to the size of the remote file.
Another common way to use the Range header is for downloading a file in chunks by setting different byte ranges. For example, to download 2 KB file, we can use the range 0 – 1024 and 1024 – 2048.
Another subtle difference from the code at section 2. is that the FileOutputStream is opened with the append parameter set to true:
After we've made this change the rest of the code is identical to the one we've seen in section 2.
6. Conclusion
We've seen in this article several ways in which we can download a file from a URL in Java.
The most common implementation is the one in which we buffer the bytes when performing the read/write operations. This implementation is safe to use even for large files because we don't load the whole file into memory.
We've also seen how we can implement a zero-copy download using Java NIO Channels. This is useful because it minimized the number of context switches done when reading and writing bytes and by using direct buffers, the bytes are not loaded into the application memory.
Also, because usually downloading a file is done over HTTP, we've shown how we can achieve this using the AsyncHttpClient library.
The source code for the article is available over on GitHub.
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